Fiqhi Issues of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Robotics: In the Context of Human Rights and Responsibilities

مصنوعی ذہانت (AI) اور روبوٹکس کے فقہی مسائل: انسانی حقوق اور ذمہ داریوں کے تناظر میں

Abstract

This article explores the fiqhi (Islamic jurisprudential) implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics, focusing on the dimensions of human rights and responsibilities. In the rapidly evolving landscape of technology, AI and robotics offer immense potential for human advancement, yet they raise profound ethical and legal questions under Islamic law. Drawing from the principles of Shariah, particularly the Maqasid al-Shariah (objectives of Islamic law)—including the preservation of faith, life, intellect, progeny, and property—the discussion evaluates the permissibility of these technologies as tools derived from human intellect granted by Allah.Key issues addressed include privacy violations through data usage, algorithmic biases undermining equality and justice, threats to human dignity (such as in prohibited applications), and risks to life from autonomous systems. On accountability, the article argues that since AI lacks consciousness, intent, or free will, responsibility rests solely on human actors—developers, owners, or users—in line with classical fiqhi concepts of dhaman (liability). It emphasizes the necessity of human oversight in decision-making processes and cautions against relying on AI for religious rulings (fatwas), as it cannot substitute human ijtihad.Ultimately, the article advocates for an Islamic ethical framework to guide AI development, ensuring alignment with divine principles of justice, mercy, and human welfare, while encouraging Muslim scholars and technologists to actively shape these innovations for the greater good.